![]() Bunchgrasses and shrubs dominate the ground layer and understory. Ponderosa pine dominates low-elevation savannas, woodlands, and forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains. Details and documentation of source materials follow this summary. This section summarizes fire regime information available in the scientific literature as of 2016. Managing for resilience in most fire-excluded ponderosa pine communities requires reducing fuel loads, restoring historical stand structure, and returning frequent fire to the landscape. Since fire exclusion, many ponderosa pine communities are denser and multistoried, dominated by Douglas-fir, and have higher fuels loads than in presettlement times. Most studies found that prior to fire exclusion, low- to moderate-severity surface fires typically burned every 6 to 13 years, and stand-replacement surface or crown fires were less frequent. For this Fire Regime Synthesis, FEIS staff reviewed over 300 publications on historical and contemporary fuel loads, stand structure, and fire regimes in ponderosa pine communities. Hundreds of articles are published about wildland fires in Northern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine communities. Contemporary changes in stand structure,.Fire regimes of Northern Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine communities
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